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Identification (psychology)
Identification is a psychological process whereby the subject assimilates an aspect, property, or attribute of the other and is transformed, wholly or partially, by the model the other provides. It is by means of a series of identifications that the personality is constituted and specified.〔 The roots of the concept can be found in Freud's writings. The three most prominent concepts of identification as described by Freud are: primary identification, narcissistic (secondary) identification and partial (secondary) identification.〔Laplanche, J. and Pontalis, J.-B. (1973), The language of psychoanalysis. The Hogarth Press.〕
While "in the psychoanalytic literature there is agreement that the core meaning of identification is simple - to be like or to become like another", it has also been adjudged '"the most perplexing clinical/theoretical area" in psychoanalysis'.〔Malcom Macmillan, ''Freud Evaluated'' (1997) p. 496 (quoting Rangell)〕
==Freud==
Freud first raised the matter of identification ((ドイツ語:Identifizierung)) in 1897, in connection with the illness or death of one's parents, and the response "to punish oneself in a hysterical fashion...with the same states (illness ) that they have had. The identification which occurs here is, as we can see, nothing other than a mode of thinking".〔Freud, quoted by Angela Richards "Editor's Note", ''On Metapsychology'' (Penguin Freud Library 11, 1987) p. 248〕 The question was taken up again psychoanalytically "in Ferenczi's article, 'Introjection and Transference', dating from 1909",〔Jacques Lacan, ''Écrits: A Selection'' (London 1997) p. 250〕 but it was in the decade between "On Narcissism" (1914) and "The Ego and the Id" (1923) that Freud made his most detailed and intensive study of the concept.
Freud distinguished three main kinds of identification. "First, identification is the original form of emotional tie with an object; secondly, in a regressive way it becomes a substitute for a libidinal object-tie...and thirdly, it may arise with any new perception of a common quality which is shared with some other person".〔"Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego", in Sigmund Freud, ''civilisation, Society and Religion'' (Penguin Freud Library 12) p. 137〕
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